Martin, Kimberly. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. The symptoms include an aversion to food accompanied by depression and anxiety. Basic universal expressions. Applied anthropologists use anthropological research methods and results to “identify, assess, and solve contemporary problems” (Gezen and Kottak 2014: 240). The dominant theory of Hippocrates and his successors was that of the four "humors": black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood. Disease is an objectively measurable pathological condition of the body. Coolness causes death in some Chinese, Indian, and Islamic cultures while in others such as the Orang Asli in Malaysia heat is the culprit. “Anthropology, Medical.” In International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, Vol. the local governments commitment to improving the lives of its citizens. More recently Western biomedical practices are identified as an ethnomedicine and included in the scope of ethnomedicine studies. Healers must use supernatural means to learn the cause and to help cure illness. According to an older biomedical concept, the miasma theory of disease, poisonous emanations from rotting vegetation or carcasses were believed to cause disease. question. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2006. Medical Anthropology. Accessed April 23, 2015. http://www.webmd.com/migraines-headaches/guide/migraines-headaches-migraines#2. Claude Lévi-Strauss: www.egs.edu/library/claude-le...uss/biography/. In recent years, Western medical practitioners are beginning to use anthropological data to better understand their multicultural patients’ responses to “modern” health care practices. Emotional experiences. The cross-cultural study of specific causal explanations for health-related problems is called ethno-etiology. Boston: Prentice Hall, 2011. The condition is caused by loss of either social or economic status, a loved one, or a real or perceived insult (Gomez 2006). Training can be arduous both physically and mentally no matter the type of training. They often suffer from echolalia when they compulsively repeat what others say, or echopraxia when they mimic the actions of others. Physical Capital Emotionalistic Disease Theory Gerontocracies. Detroit: Gale, 2001. Physical manifestations are many, including palpitations, indigestion, dizziness, nausea, constipation, pain, insomnia, and more. Once this certification process is complete, the healing specialist can adopt the raiment of the professional healer, e.g., the white coat of the medical doctor. For more information contact us at info@libretexts.org or check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Healers must use supernatural means to learn the cause and to help cure illness. It may also be related to "religious idioms and symbols about the body, food, and self" (Banks 1992: 867. Studies indicate that witiko is an extreme form of starvation anxiety (Martin 2012). Contributing factors include over-controlling parents and socially, economically upwardly mobile family, earl onset of puberty, tallness, low self-esteem, depression, and some illnesses like juvenile diabetes. According to Foster and Anderson (1978), there are three basic theories about the causes of illness : personalistic, naturalistic, and emotionalistic. Miller, Barbara. Witiko is a culture-bound syndrome found among indigenous peoples of Canada. The inflicted first withdraws or broods then attempts to kill or hurt another person until they are restrained, exhausted, or killed. Gomez, Michael. Humoral healing systems use a philosophy centered on the idea that heat and coolness imbalances in the body cause disease. The term means ‘to engage furiously in battle.’ Symptoms include wild, aggressive behavior. This chapter discusses how healthcare pluralism works in practice. In indigenous societies, initiation rituals are performed. It is one of the fastest growing research areas within anthropology. Boston: Prentice Hall, 2011. Anorexia nervosa is a culture-bound syndrome associated with affluent industrial societies. Frequently, structural suffering is related to culture-bound syndromes, which are psychopathologies (suite of signs and symptoms) restricted to certain cultural environments. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Reference, 2006. Anthropologists George Foster and Barbara Anderson, who together with Khwaja Hassan established the field of medical anthropology, identified three disease theory systems that explain illness: Barbara Miller (2011) outlines three theoretical approaches that attempt to understand health systems: The cross-cultural study of health systems is called ethnomedicine. In most cases, the candidate must show some aptitude. Payment is generally expected for services rendered. Food and drugs are used to offset these imbalances. susto: illness caused by anxiety or fright. Legerski, John-Paul. Training from seasoned healing specialists is a key component for all those who wish to become a healing specialist whether in the form of an apprenticeship with a shaman to formal training in a medical school. There are many different types of healing specialists: All healing specialists go through similar process to become specialists. Humans, Homo sapiens, are a special case in the discussion of evolution. A) emotionalistic disease theory B) personalistic disease theory C) naturalistic disease theory D) gradualistic disease theory E) parasitic disease theory 15. Health systems include cultural perceptions and classification of health-related issues, healing practices, diagnosis, prevention, and healers (Miller 2011). Cultural Anthropology, 6th edition. Experts have debated the disease theory of addiction against the idea that perpetuating substance abuse is a choice for years. disease theory systems. Health systems include cultural perceptions and classification of health-related issues, healing practices, diagnosis, prevention, and healers (Miller 2011). It goes beyond examination of health systems to look at such things as the impact of globalization on the health system as well as cultural concepts of the body and disability and the use of plants and animals within the health system. In cultures reliant on the Western biomedical approach, candidates must pass entry exams and academic courses to become specialists. Latah has been found predominantly in Malaysia, but similar syndromes occur in the Philippines (mali-mali), Burma (yaun), and among indigenous peoples in Siberia (myriachif) and Japan (imo). For many La⦠However, it may also be due to a feeling of psychological or spiritual imbalance. Early ethnomedicine studies focused on the health systems of indigenous peoples across the globe. assume emotional illness. “Health and Illness.” In 21st Century Anthropology: A Reference Handbook, Vol. Once training is complete, the candidate earns a medical degree in the Western biomedical system. Cognitive linguists: answer. The U.S. Army - MEDRETE in the Bac Ninh Province of Vietnam. Caused by a sudden shock, e.g., death of a loved one, or fright, the individual enters a dissociative, highly suggestible state where they readily follow the commands of others. Personalistic disease theory: Illness is due to the action of an agent such as a witch, sorcerer, or supernatural entity, e.g., ancestor spirit or ghost. 1. “Culture-Bound Syndromes: Latah.” In Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology, edited by Yo Jackson, p. 139-140. George Foster and Barbara Anderson (1978) call âdisease-theory systemsâ to identify, classify and explain illness. 2. Gaines, Atwood D. “Ethnomedicine.” In Encyclopedia of Anthropology, Vol. Latah has been found predominantly in Malaysia, but similar syndromes occur in the Philippines (mali-mali), Burma (yaun), and among indigenous peoples in Siberia (myriachif) and Japan (imo). These small organisms, too small to see without magnification, invade humans, other animals, and other living hosts. This page was last modified on 26 March 2020, at 16:20. Legerski, John-Paul. One example is the healing dance of Ju/hoansi foragers of the Kalahari. Missed the LibreFest? Park, Young-Joo. Foster, George M. and Barbara G. Anderson. In recent years, Western medical practitioners are beginning to use anthropological data to better understand their multicultural patients’ responses to “modern” health care practices. DeWalt, Kathleen Musante. Affecting primarily women, anorexia nervosa is associated with cultures that place excessive value on female thinness. 3. These can vary by group (e.g., ethnicity and socioeconomic status), geography, incidence, and severity. Applied anthropologists are found in many areas of work, including public health, economic development, forensics, linguistics, and human rights, in both rural and urban settings across the globe. Illness is a feeling or perception of not being healthy. Psychotherapists are interested in the role emotions play in physical health. question. Some would classify it as part of applied anthropology. Once training is complete, the candidate earns a medical degree in the Western biomedical system. Emotionalistic disease theory. “Medical Anthropology: How Illness Is Traditionally Perceived and Cured Around the World.” Last updated February 8, 2012. http://anthro.palomar.edu/medical/default.htm. Disease is a condition caused by a pathogen, e.g., bacterium, parasite, or virus, which has been scientifically verified; it is something that can be objectively measured. In an indigenous society it might be an ability to connect with the supernatural realm. Western medicine is an example of which kind of disease theory? emotionalistic disease theories assume that emotional experiences cause illness (susto and "soul loss") A Tsaatan shaman in northern Mongolia prepares for a ceremony. 2001). The witiko spirit, which is a giant human-eating monster, eventually possesses the inflicted individual causing the person to acts of cannibalism and homicide. Healing is generally done through a combination of informal methods, e.g., self-diagnosis and treatment, and formal treatment using a healing specialist. The community healing approach considers social context critical for the healing process. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Reference, 2006. “Culture-Bound Syndromes: Latah.” In Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology, edited by Yo Jackson, p. 139-140. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978. Amok afflicts males in Indonesia, Malaysai, and Thailand. 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